GROUNDWATER SOURCES AS GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM-CREATING OBJECTS (INTERPRETATION BASED ON PAH DISTRIBUTION)

A. P. Khaustov¹, M. M. Redina¹, E. V. Yakovleva²

¹Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 6, Moscow, 117198 Russia. E-mail: khaustov_ap@rudn.university

²Institute of Biology, Komi Research Centre of RAS,
ul. Kommunisticheskaya, 28, Syktyvkar, GSP-2, 167982 Russia.

The unique underground water manifestations at the Kerch peninsula of Crimea are an interesting object for geochemical research. By the examples of a mud methane volcano, a hydrogen sulfide subthermal source, the Lake Chokrak, and the uprising fresh cold spring, the specifics of the formation of geochemical barriers in the aquatic systems is shown. The research was aimed at the assessment of the migration processes in the selected aquatic systems from the point of view of entropy of the systems and at the assessment of the role of geochemical barriers in the development of the studied systems. An original approach was used based on the data on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in various media, as well as on the calculation of their migration coefficients and the values of molecular entropies on geochemical barriers (GCB). The changes in entropy along the entire path of PAHs migration in the aquatic systems are traced. This allowed us to estimate the intensity of the interaction of structural elements in the system, their functions and diversity.

The specificity of the chemical types of groundwater has clearly affected the chains of interaction intensity in the system “water – contiguous media”. For the first time the sources of groundwater are considered as unique biogenerators of the formation (self-organization) of peculiar aquatic systems. This allowed us to substantiate a specific type of natural dissipative structures that develop with the participation of living matter from simple (aqueous solutions) to complex (for example, hydrophytes) with the production of entropy.

The selectivity of PAH accumulation by different plant parts was confirmed. The principal possibility of adsorption by the root system and further migration of not only low-molecular PAHs but also active movement from soils to plants of high-molecular polyarenes is shown. This allowed us to evaluate the root system of plants as a priority object for environmental monitoring.

The analysis of the entropy change dynamics in the aquatic system made it possible to justify the conclusion that a geochemical system cannot exist without geochemical barriers, and even more, barriers can be primary in relation to the formation of the holistic systems.

Keywords: aquatic system, geochemical barrier, entropy, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), underground water.

REFERENCES

1. Alekseev, V.A., Ryzhenko, B.N., Shvartsev, S.L. et al. Geologicheskaya evolyutsiya i samoorganizatsiya siste- my voda – poroda. Tom 1. Sistema voda–poroda v zemnoi kore: vzaimodeystvie, kinetika, ravnovesie [Geological evolution and self-organization of the water – rock sys- tem. Vol. 1. The water-rock system in the Earth’s crust: interaction, kinetics, and equilibrium]. Novosibirsk, SO RAN Publ., 2005, 244 p. (in Russian)

2. Geokhimiya podzemnykh vod. Teoreticheskiye, priklad- nye i ekologicheskie aspekty [Geochemistry of ground- water. Theoretical, applied and environmental aspects]. S.R. Kraynov, B.N. Ryzhenko, V.M. Shvets, Eds. Moscow, TsentrLitNefteGaz Publ., 2012, 672 p. (in Russian)

3. Glazovskaya, M.A. [Geochemical barriers in soils: typology, functional features and ecological significance]. Geokhimiya landshaftov i geografiya pochv.100 let so dnya rozhdeniya M.A. Glazovskoy [Geochemistry of land- scapes and geography of soils. 100 years since the birth of M.A. Glazovskaya]. N.S. Kasimov, M.I. Gerasimova, Eds. Moscow, APR Publ., 2012, pp. 26–44. (in Russian)

4. Klimontovich, Yu.L. Problemy statisticheskoi teorii otkry- tykh system [Problems of the statistical theory of open systems]. Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk, 1989, vol. 158 (1), pp. 59–91. (in Russian)

5. Letnikov, F.A. Sinergetika geologicheskikh system [Synergetics of geological systems]. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., Siberian branch, 1992. 230 p. (in Russian)

6. Oborin, A.A., Ilarionov, S.A., Nazarov, A.V. et al. Neftezagryaznennye biogeotsenozy (Protsessy obrazovaniya, nauchnye osnovy vosstanovleniya, mediko-ekologicheskiye problemy). [Oil-contaminated biogeocenoses (formation processes, scientific bases of restoration, medical and environmental problems)]. Perm, Ural Branch of RAS, Perm State University, Perm State Technical University, 2008, 511 p. (in Russian)

7. Perel’man, A.I. Geokhimiya landshafta [Geochemistry of the landscape]. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1975. 342 p. (in Russian)

8. Perel’man, A.I. Geokhimicheskii landshaft kak samoorga- nizuyushchayasya sistema [Geochemical landscape as a self-organizing system]. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 5, Geografiya, 1995, no. 4, pp. 10–16. (in Russian)

9. Prigozhin, I., Nikolis, G. Prigozhin, I., Nikolis, G. Poznaniye slozhnogo [Exploring complexity]. Moscow: Mir Publ., 1990, 344 p. (in Russian)

10. Smagin, A.V., Sadovnikova, N.B, Smagina, M.V., Glagolev, M.V. et al. Modelirovanie dinamiki organicheskogo veshchestva pochv [Modeling of the dynamics of the organic matter of soils]. Мoscow, Moscow State University Publ., 2001, 120 p. (in Russian)

11. Haken, G. Sinergetika. Iyerarkhii neustoychivostei v samo- organizuyushchikhsya sistemakh i ustroystvakh [Synergetics. Instability hierarchies of self-organizing systems and devices]. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1985, 424 p. (in Russian)

12. Khaustov, A.P. Tekhnogennyye sistemy kak fenomen samoorganizatsii materii (na primere zagryazneniya geologicheskoy sredy uglevodorodami) [Technogenic systems as a phenomenon of self-organization of matter (by the example of hydrocarbon contamination of the geolo- gical environment)]. Litosfera, 2014, no. 1, pp. 105–116. (in Russian)

13. Khaustov, A.P. Uglevodorodnyi tekhnogenez geologiches- koi sredy kak samoorganizatsiya neravnovesnykh sistem [Hydrocarbon technogenesis of the geological environ- ment as self-organization of nonequilibrium systems]. Nedropol’zovaniye, 2014, no. 6a, pp. 12–28. (in Russian)

14. Khaustov, A.P. Tekhnogennaya geokhimicheskaya zonal’nost’ uglevodorodov kak produkt biotransformatsii [Technogenic geochemical zonality of hydrocarbons as a product of biotransformation]. Izvestiya vuzov. Geologi- ya i razvedka, 2016, no. 1, pp. 106–110. (in Russian) 


15. Khaustov, A.P. Geokhimicheskiye bar’ery s pozitsii sin- ergetiki (semanticheskii analiz) [Geochemical barriers from the standpoint of synergetics (semantic analysis)]. Geokhimiya landshaftov (k 100-letiyu A.I. Perel’mana). Doklady Vserossiyskoi nauchnoi konferentsii. Moscow, 18– 20.10.2016 [Geochemistry of landscapes (to the 100th anniversary of A.I. Perelman). Reports of the All-Rus- sian Scientific Conference. Moscow, 18–20.10.2016]. Moscow, Moscow State University Publ., 2016, pp. 64– 67. (in Russian) 


16. Khaustov, A.P., Redina, M.M., Kalabin, G.A., Goryai- nov, S.V. Politsiklicheskie aromaticheskie uglevodorody kak indikatory ekologicheskikh protsessov v akval’nykh sistemakh [Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as in- dicators of ecological processes in the aquatic sys- tem]. Ekologicheskaya bezopasnost’ territoriy i akvato- riy: regional’nye i global’nye problemy. Mat-ly regional’noy nauchn.-prakt. konferentsii (Kerch’, 24–28.10.2016 [Eco- logical safety of territories and water areas: regional and global problems. Proc. of the regional scientific-practical conference (Kerch, 24–28.10.2016)]. Kerch: KSMTU Publ., 2016, pp. 221–226. (in Russian) 


17. Shvartsev, S.L. Progressivno samoorganizuyushchiesya abiogennye dissipativnye struktury v geologicheskoi istorii Zemli [Progressively self-organizing abiogenic dissipative structures in the geological history of the Earth]. Litosfera, 2007, no. 1, pp. 65–89. (in Russian) 


18. Yakovleva, E.V., Gabov, D.N., Beznosikov, V.A. Vliyanie razlichnykh doz benz[a]pirena na sostav politsiklicheskikh aromaticheskikh uglevodorodov v peschanoi kul’ture [Influence of various doses of benzo[a]pyrene on the composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sand culture]. Agrokhimiya, 2015, no. 6. pp. 90–96. (in Russian)

19. Yakovleva, E.V., Gabov, D.N., Beznosikov, V.A., Kon- dratenok, B.M. Politsiklicheskie aromaticheskie ug- levodorody v pochvakh i rasteniyakh nizhnego yarusa yu- zhnoi kustarnikovoi tundry v usloviyakh tekhnogeneza [Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and lower- layer plants of the southern shrub tundra under technogenic conditions]. Pochvovedeniye, 2014, no. 6, pp. 685– 696. (in Russian)

20. Yakovleva, E.V., Gabov, D.N., Beznosikov, V.A. Nako- pleniye politsiklicheskikh aromaticheskikh uglevodorodov rasteniyami yuzhnoi tundry pri dobyche uglya otkrytym sposobom [Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbons in soils and plants of the tundra zone under the impact of coal-mining industry]. Vestnik Instituta biologii Komi NTs UrO RAN, 2016, no. 4, pp. 24–33. (in Russian)

21. Khaustov, A.P., Redina, M.M. Geochemical markers based on concentration ratios of PAH in oils and oil- polluted areas. Geochemistry International, 2017, vol. 55 (1), pp. 98–107.

22. Kraus, J.J., Munir, I.Z., Mceldoon, J. P., Douglas, S.C, Dordick, J.S. Oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons catalyzed by soybean peroxidase. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1999, vol. 80, pp. 221–230.

23. Li, P., Li, X., Stagnitti, F., et al. Studies on the sources of benzo[a]pyrene in grain and aboveground tissues of rice plants. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, vol. 162, pp. 463–468.

24. Muratova, A., Golubev, S., Wittenmayer, L., Dmitrieva, T., Bondarenkova, A., Hirche F., Merbach W., Turkovskaya O. Effect of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene on root exudation of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2009, vol. 66, pp. 514–520.

25. Xiao, N., Liu, R., Jin, C., Dai, Y. Efficiency of five ornamental plant species in the phytoremediation of poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil. Ecological Engineering, 2015, vol. 75, pp. 384–391.