THE INTENSITY OF KARST PROCESS

V.P. Zverev, I.A. Kostikova


Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience Russian Academy of Sciences (IEG RAS),
Ulansky per.13, str.2, P.O. Box 145, Moscow, 101000 Russia. E-mail: kostikova@geoenv.ru

The intensity of soluble rock leaching, which determines the development of karst process, was studied both for a planetary scale and for regional and local cases. The determination of rock mass that passes into the natural water solution and to be removed by the groundwater per unit square of rock is proved to be the only direct method of assessing the speed of modern karst process. For all major types of soluble rocks (carbonates, sulfates, chlorides) we revealed that leaching rate increases from the global level to regional and local levels. For carbonate rocks, the leaching rate increases by three orders of magnitude (from 0.17 to 3.65 g/s∙km²); for sulfate rocks, by three orders of magnitude (from 0.072 to 25.6 g/s∙km²), and for chlorides, by four orders of magnitude (from 0.061 to 225.0 g/ s∙km²). The increase in the dissolution of rocks due to human activities is mainly caused by the disturbance of the natural hydraulic ground flow regime.

Keywords: karst, groundwater, leaching intensity, solubility, rock formation, carbonate minerals, sulfate minerals, rock salt, influence of human activities, planetary scale, regional scale, local scale.

REFERENCES

1. Garrels, R.M., Christ, C.L. Rastvory, mineraly, ravnovesiya [Solutions, Minerals and Equilibria]. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1968. 368 p. (in Russian).

2. Gvozdetskii, N.A. Problemy izucheniya karsta i praktika [Problems in karst study and practice]. Moscow, Mysl Publ., 1972. 392 p. (in Russian).

3. Gorbunova, K.A. Karst gipsa SSSR [Gypsum karst of the USSR]. Study guide, Perm, Izd. Permskogo univ., 1977. 83 p. (in Russian).

4. Zverev, V.P. Gidrogeokhimicheskie issledovaniya sistemy gipsy – podzemnye vody [Hydrogeochemical studies in the gypsum-groundwater system]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1967. 99 p. (in Russian).

5. Zverev, V.P. Rol’ podzemnykh vod v migratsii khimicheskikh elementov [The role of groundwater in the migration of chemical elements]. Moscow, Nedra Publ., 1982. 182 p. (in Russian).

6. Zverev, V.P. Podzemnye vody zemnoi kory i geologicheskie protsessy [Subsurface waters of the earth’s crust and geo- logical processes]. 2nd edition, Moscow, Nauchnyi mir Publ., 2007. 255 p. (in Russian).

7. Zverev, V.P. Sistema prirodnykh vod Zemli [The system of natural water of the Earth]. Moscow, Nauchnyi mir Publ., 2013, 311 p. (in Russian).

8. Zverev, V.P., Kostikova, I.A. Hydrogeochemical features of karst development under modern conditions. Geoekologiya, 2015, no. 3, pp. 248–256. (in Russian).

9. Zverev, V.P., Kostikova, I.A. Changes in groundwater chemical composition in the Berezniki area as related to the sinkhole development. Geoekologiya, 2015, no. 5, pp. 499–504. (in Russian).

10. Zverev, V.P., Kostikova, I.A. About the intensity of carbonate karst development. Geoekologiya, 2017, no. 4, pp. 13–18. (in Russian).

11. Zverev, V.P., Migunov, L.V. Thermodynamic modeling of hydrogeochemical processes in the above-salt strata in the Verkhnekamskii region. Litologiya i poleznye iskopae- mye, 1994, no. 2, pp. 78–85. (in Russian).

12. Zverev, V.P. Putilina, V.S CO2 mass flow and the intensity of its interaction with rocks Geoekologiya, 1999, no. 6, pp. 518–525. (in Russian).

13. Zlobina, V.L. Vliyanie ekspluatatsii podzemnykh vod na razvitie karstovo-suffozionnykh protsessov [The influence of groundwater intake on the development of karst- suffosion process]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1986. 133 p. (in Russian).

14. Il’in, A.N., Kapustin, A.P., Kogan, I.A. at all. Karstovye yavleniya v rayone goroda Dzerzhinska Gor’kovskoi oblas- ti [Karst phenomena in the area of the Dzerzhinsk town, Gor’kii oblast]. Trudy Laboratorii gidrogeologicheskikh problem im. F.P. Savarenskogo. [Proc. of the Savarenskii Laboratory of hydrogeological problems]. Akad. nauk SSSR Publ., 1960, no. 32, 123 p. (in Russian). 


15. Korotkevich, G.V. Solyanoi karst [Salt karst]. Leningrad, Nedra Publ., 1970. 255 p. (in Russian). 


16. Kutepov, V.M., Kozhevnikova V.N. Ustoichivost zakarstovannykh territorii. [Sustainability of the karst territo- ries]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1989. 151 p. (in Russian).

17. Lebedeva, N.A. Estestvennye resursy podzemnykh vod Moskovskogo artezianskogo basseina [Natural groundwater resources in Moscow artesian basin]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1972. 148 p. (in Russian).

18. Maksimovich, G.A. Osnovy karstovedeniya [Fundamentals of karstology]. Perm, Perm book publ., 1969. Vol. 2. 529 p. (in Russian).

19. Maksimovich, G.A., Gorbunova, K.A. Karst Permskoi oblasti [Karst in Perm region]. Perm, Perm book publ., 1958. 180 p. (in Russian).

20. Migratsiya khimicheskikh elementov v podzemnykh vodakh SSSR [Migration of chemical elements in groundwater in the USSR], Zverev V.P., Kononov V.I., Ilin V.A. Trudy GIN AN SSSR [Proc. of the Geological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences]. Nauka Publ., 1974, vol. 261. 236 p. (in Russian).

21. Moskva. Geologiya i gorod [Moscow. Geology and the city], V.I. Osipov, O.P. Medvedev, Eds. Moscow, Mosk. ucheb. i kartolitogr. Publ., 1997. 399 p. (in Russian).

22.Osipov, V.I., Zverev, V.P., Kostikova, I.A., Mamaev, Yu.A. Hydrogeochemical features of water-rock inter- action in Verkhnekamskiy saliferous basin. Geoekologi- ya, 2014, no. 5. pp. 404–409. (in Russian).

23. Ronov, A.B., Yaroshevskii, A.A., Migdisov, A.A. Khi- micheskoe stroenie zemnoi kory i geokhimicheskii balans glavnykh elementov [Chemical structure of the Earth`s crust and the geochemical balance of major elements]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1990. 182 p. (in Russian).

24. Savarenskii, I.A., Mironov, N.A. Rukovodstvo po inzhenerno-geologicheskim izyskaniyam v raionakh razvitiya karsta [Guideline for engineering geological survey in the karst areas]. Moscow, PNIIIS Publ., 1995. 167 p. (in Russian)

25. Skvortsov, G.G. About the speed of development of gyp- sum karst. Voprosy izucheniya podzemnykh vod i inzhenerno-geologicheskikh protsessov [Aspects of the study of groundwater and engineering-geological processes]. Moscow, Izd. AN SSSR, 1955, pp. 173–176. (in Russian).

26. Sokolov, D.S. Osnovnye usloviya razvitiya karsta [Basic conditions for the development of karst]. Moscow, Gos- geoltekhizdat Publ., 1962. 322 p. (in Russian).

27. Tolmachev, V.V. Methods of karst hazard assessment for the construction purposes: state-of-art and prospects. Geoekologiya, 2012, no. 4, pp. 354–363. (in Russian).