NEW APPROACH TO THE ELIMINATION OF BOUNDARIES OF SALINE FROZEN DEPOSITS OF THE ARCTIC COAST    

Yu. V. Cherniak*, A. A. Falaleeva**, A. V. Brouchkov***

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991 Russia

*E-mail: yuchernyak@mail.ru 
**E-mail: falaleeva_arina@mail.ru
***E-mail: brouchkov@hotmail.com

Saline frozen rocks of the Arctic coast require detailed study, since these rocks are characterized by low bearing capacity and instability to technogenic impacts. Currently known methods of formation of salinity in permafrost due to the effects of marine transgression (marine salinity) and cryogenic concentration, as well as the concentration of salts due to dehydration of rocks (continental salinity), do not always make it possible to explain the presence of saline deposits on the Arctic coast of the Arctic Ocean. The purpose of this work is to present new mechanisms of salinity formation in permafrost that can explain the formation of salinization at significant altitudes above sea level. For the first time, possible hypotheses of the formation of saline frozen rocks at high altitudes above sea level are presented, due to the upsurge in sea level and tsunami in the recent geological past, the latest tectonics and biogenic salinization. The applied approach, taking into account the methods of salinization formation in rocks, allowed the authors to present graphically a new version of the map of the distribution of frozen saline rocks in the Northern Hemisphere. The boundary of the marine type of salinization was taken from the maximum boreal transgression, the boundary of the continental type of salinity was drawn by analyzing and comparing the map of atmospheric precipitation and the map of evaporation by isolating those areas where evaporation predominates over precipitation. A significant increase in the areas with marine and continental types of salinity in the Arctic coast of the Arctic Ocean is shown. For high-altitude regions, it has been established that the level of the maximal transgression in Quaternary age did not reach such high marks, besides, the climate of these sites is far from the continental one.

Keywords: salinity; permafrost; Arctic; tsunami; tectonics; microorganisms; marine transgression

REFERENCES

1. Antipov-Karataev, I.N. Melioratsiya solontsov v SSSR [Reclamation of solonetses in the USSR]. Moscow, USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., 1953. 562 p. (in Russian)
2. Aristovskaya, T.V. Mikrobiologiya protsessov pochvoobrazovaniya [Microbiology of soil formation processes]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1980. 187 p. (in Russian).
3. Atlas Arktiki [Atlas of the Arctic]. Treshnikov, A.F., Ed. Moscow, Glavnoe upravlenie geodezii i kartografii pri Sovete Ministrov SSSR, 1985. 204 p. (in Russian)
4. Baranskaya, A.V. Rol' noveishikh vertikal'nykh tektonicheskikh dvizhenii v formirovanii rel'efa poberezhii Rossiiskoi Arktiki. [The role of the latest vertical tectonic movements in the formation of the relief of the coasts of the Russian Arctic]. Extended Abstract Cand.Sci. (Geogr.) Diss.]. St. Petersburg, 2015.26 p. (in Russian)
5.  Brushkov, A.V. Zasolennye merzlye porody Arkticheskogo poberezh'ya, ikh proiskhozhdenie i svoistva [Saline frozen rocks of the Arctic coast, their origin and properties]. Moscow, Moscow St. Univ. Publ., 1998. 332 p. (in Russian)
6. Budantseva, N.A., Vasil'chuk, D.Yu., Maslakov, A.A., Vasil'chuk, A.K., Vasil'chuk, Yu.K. Geokhimicheskii sostav golotsenovykh povtorno-zhil'nykh l'dov severo-vostoka Chukotki [Geochemical composition of Holocene ice wedges in northeastern Chukotka]. Arktika i Antarktika, 2017, no. 2, pp. 34-53. (in Russian)
7. Velli Yu.Ya., Karpunina A.A. Zasolennye vechnomerzlye grunty kak osnovaniya sooruzhenii [Saline permafrost soils as foundations of engineering structures]. Trudy 2 Mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii po merzlotovedeniyu [Proc. 2nd Int. Conference on Permafrost]. Yakutsk, 1973, no. 7, pp. 49-56. (in Russian)
8. Vorob'ev, Yu.L. Tsunami: preduprezhdenie i zashchita [Tsunami: warning and protection]. Moscow, EMERCOM of Russia Publ., 2006. (in Russian)
9. Gruntovedenie [Soil and Rock Engineering]. Trofimov V.T., Ed., Moscow, Moscow St. Univ. Publ., 2005, 1024 p. (in Russian)
10. Dubikov, G.I. Zakonomernosti formirovaniya sostava i kriogennogo stroeniya merzlykh osadochnykh porod (na primere Zapadnoi Sibiri). [Regularities of the formation of  composition and cryogenic structure of frozen sedimentary rocks (by the example of Western Siberia). Doctoral (Geol.-min.) dissertation, Moscow, PNIIIS Publ., 1984. (in Russian). URL: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01008690755. (in Russian)
11. Dubikov, G.I., Ivanova, N.V. Zasolennye merzlye grunty i ikh rasprostranenie na territorii SSSR [Saline frozen soils and their distribution by the USSR territory]. In: Zasolennye merzlye grunty kak osnovaniya sooruzhenii [Saline frozen soils as foundations of structures]. Vyalov, S.S., Ed., Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1990. (in Russian)
12. Kaplin, P.A., Selivanov, A.O. Izmeneniya urovnya morei Rossii i razvitie beregov: proshloe, nastoyashchee, budushchee [Changes in the sea level of Russia and coastal development: past, present, and future]. Moscow, GEOS Publ., 1999, 299 p. (in Russian).
13. Kolosova, L.N. Geograficheskii atlas dlya uchitelei srednei shkoly [Geographic atlas for secondary school teachers]. Moscow, Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, 1982. (in Russian)
14. Kulikov, E.A., Ivashchenko, A.I., Medvedev, I.P., Yakovenko, O.I., Kovachev, S.A. K voprosu o tsunamiopasnosti arkticheskogo regiona [About tsunami hazard in the Arctic region]. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika, 2016, no. 3(23), pp. 38-49. (in Russian)
15. Makarov, A.S. Kolebaniya urovnya arkticheskikh morei v golotsene. [Fluctuations in the level of the Arctic seas in the Holocene]. Extended abstract Doctoral (Geogr.) dissertation. St. Petersburg, SPBGU Publ., 2017, 45 p. (in Russian)
16. Panchenko, V.I., Aksenov, V.I. Fiziko-khimicheskii podkhod k klassifikatsii merzlykh gruntov po zasolennosti  [Physicochemical approach to the classification of frozen soils by salinity]. Zasolennye merzlye grunty kak osnovaniya sooruzhenii [Saline frozen soils as foundations of engineering structures]. Vyalov, S.S., Ed., Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1990, pp.70-73 (in Russian)
17. Problemy stroitel'stva na zasolennykh merzlykh gruntakh [Problems in construction on saline frozen soils]. Moscow, Epokha Publ., 2007. (in Russian)
18. Rodin, L.E., Bazilevich, N.I. Dinamika organicheskogo veshchestva i biologicheskii krugovorot zol'nykh elementov i azota v osnovnykh tipakh rastitel'nosti Zemnogo shara [Dynamics of organic matter and biological circulation of ash elements and nitrogen in the main types of the Earth vegetation]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1965, 264 p. (in Russian).
19. Streletskaya, I.D. Zakonomernosti prostranstvennoi izmenchivosti zasolennykh merzlykh porod i kriopegov na primere Bovanenkovskogo GKM. [Regularities of spatial variability of saline frozen rocks and cryopegs on the example of the Bovanenkovo gas condensate field. Extended abstract Cand. Sci. (Geol.-min.) diss., Moscow, 1991, 25 p. (in Russian)
20. Strelkov, S.A. Razvitie beregovoi linii Arkticheskikh morei SSSR v chetvertichnom periode [Development of the coastline of the Arctic seas of the USSR in the Quaternary period]. Trudy instituta geologii Akademii nauk Estonskoi SSR [Proc. of the Institute of Geology of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR], 1961, no. VIII, pp. 133-146. (in Russian)
21. Khimenkov, A.N., Sheshin, Yu.B. Geokriologicheskie usloviya poberezh'ya Karskogo morya v raione pos. Amderma [Geocryological conditions of the Kara Sea coast near Amderma settlement]. Inzhenernaya geologiya, 1992, no. 2, pp. 71-82. (in Russian)
22. Azizul Moqsud M., Omine К. Bioremediation of Agricultural Land Damaged by Tsunami, Biodegradation of Hazardous and Special Products, Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz, IntechOpen, June 14th 2013. DOI: 10.5772/56595. 
23. Chernousenko G.I., Oreshnikova N.V., Ukraintseva N.G. Soil Salinization in Coastal Areas of the Arctic and Pacific Regions of Russia // Eurasian Soil Science. 2001. V. 34. No.10.
24. Geng X. et al. Evidence of salt accumulation in beach intertidal zone due to evaporation // Sci. Rep. 6. 2016.
25. Hivon E. Behaviour of saline frozen soils. Edmonton, Alberta. 1991.
26. Illangasekare T., Tyler S.W. Impacts of the 2004 tsunami on groundwater resources in Sri Lanka // Water resources research. 2006. V. 42, W05201, doi:10.1029/2006WR004876.
27. Johnson R.G. Salinity of interstitial water in a sandy beach // Limnology and oceanography. 1967. V. 12. N 1. P. 1-7.
28. Paris R., Goto K., Goff J., Yanagisawa H. Advances in the study of mega-tsunamis in the geological record. Earth-Science Reviews, Elsevier, 2020, 210, pp.103381.