ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЯ


ИНЖЕНЕРНАЯ ГЕОЛОГИЯ. ГИДРОГЕОЛОГИЯ. ГЕОКРИОЛОГИЯ

Geoekologiya, 2019, Vol. 6, P. 30-41

EXPLOSIVE PROCESSES IN THE PERMAFROST ZONE AS A NEW TYPE OF GEOCRYOLOGICAL HAZARD

© 2019 А. N. Khimenkov¹·*, D. O. Sergeev¹, A. N. Vlasov²·**, D. B. Volkov-Bogorodskii²
¹
Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Ulanskii per., 13, str. 2, Moscow, 101000 Russia
*E-mail: a_khimenkov@mail.ru

²Institute of Applied Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Leningradskii pr., 7, Moscow, 125040 Russia
**E-mail:
iam@iam.ras.ru

The natural and human-induced explosive processes in the permafrost area were studied. A new approach is proposed to the theory of formation of gas emission funnels. It is based on the mechanism of migration of gas fluids from the gas hydrates dissociation zone to the overlying permafrost. The dissociation zone is formed in the areas of local heating due to the heat input from above. The preparation stages of the explosive process that formed the Yamal crater are shown. The preparation phases of natural explosive processes have been identified and characterized. Different scenarios are considered for the preparation of natural explosive processes in the cryolithozone. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the following: the explosions of hydrolaccoliths and the formation of gas emission funnels belong to one group of processes, i.e., physical explosions of natural origin; preparation of explosive processes in the permafrost goes through several stages; the migration of gas fluids plays an important role in the preparation of natural explosions in the permafrost. With the ongoing economic development of the Arctic, thermal effects on permafrost increase, and so does the hazard of explosive processes for engineering structures. However, this group of processes is not taken into account when choosing design solutions and predicting the interaction of an engineering structure with permafrost soils; moreover, these processes are even not included in the group of hazardous geological processes.

Keywords: gas emission funnel, fluids, dissociation, gas hydrates, cryolithozone, physical explosion, transit zone, gas-saturated geosystems, developmental stages.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869-78092019630-41

REFERENCES

1. Andreev, V.I. Gidrolakkolity (bulgunnyakhi) v Zapadno- Sibirskikh tundrakh [Hydrolaccoliths (bulgunyakhs) in the West Siberian tundra]. Izvestiya gosudarstvennogo geograficheskogo obshestva, 1936, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 186-210 (in Russian)

2. Are, F.E. Problema emissii glubinnykh gazov v atmosferu [The problem of the emission of deep-seated gases into the atmosphere]. Kriosfera Zemli, vol. II, no. 4, 1998, pp. 42-50 (in Russian) 3. Bazhenova, O.I. Sovremennaya dinamika ozerno-flyuvial’nykh sistem Onon-Toreiskoi vysokoi ravniny (Yuzhnoe Zabaikal’e) [Modern dynamics of lake-fluvial systems of the Onon-Torei High Plain (South Transbaikalia)]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2013, no. 371, pp. 171-177 (in Russian)

4. Bogomolov, N.S., Sklyarevskaya, A.N. O vzryvakh gidrolakkolitov v yuzhnoi chasti Chitinskoi oblasti [On the explosions of hydrolaccoliths in the southern part of the Chita region]. Naledi Sibiri [Icings in Siberia]. Moscow, Nauka, 1969, pp. 127-130 (in Russian)

5. Bogoyavlenskii, V.I. Vybrosy gaza i nefti na sushe i akvatoriyakh Arktiki i Mirovogo okeana [Emissions of gas and oil on land and in the waters of the Arctic and the World Ocean]. Burenie i neft’, 2015, no. 6, 2015, pp. 4-10 (in Russian)

6. Bogoyavlenskii, V.I., Mazharov, A.V., Pushkarev, V.A., Bogoyavlenskii, I.V. Vybrosy gaza iz kriolitozony poluostrova Yamal [Gas Emissions from the Yamal Peninsula Cryolithozone]. Burenie i neft’, 2015, no. 7, pp. 8-13 (in Russian)

7. Bogoyavlenskii, V.I. Prirodnyye i tekhnogennyye ugrozy pri osvoenii mestorozhdenii nefti i gaza v Arktike i v mirovom okeane [Natural and human-induced threats in the development of oil and gas in the Arctic and in the World Ocean]. Noosfera, 2016, no. 1, pp. 48-67 (in Russian)

8. Bogoyavlenskii, V.I., Bogoyavlenskii, I.V., Nikonov R.A. Rezul’taty aerokosmicheskikh i ekspeditsionnykh issledovanii krupnykh vybrosov gaza na Yamale v raione Bovanenkovskogo mestorozhdeniya [Results of aerospace and expeditionary studies of large gas emissions on Yamal in the area of the Bovanenkovo field]. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika, 2017, no. 3 (27), pp. 4-17 (in Russian) 9. Bogoyavlenskii, V.A. Gazogidrodinamika v kraterakh vybrosa gaza v Arktike [Gas and hydrodynamics in gas explosion craters in the Arctic]. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika, 2018, no. 1 (29), pp. 48-55 (in Russian)

10. Bogoyavlenskii, V.I. Bogoyavlenskii, I.V., Kargin, T.N., Nikonov, R.A., Sizov, O.S. Degazatsiya Zemli v Arktike: distantsionnye i ekspeditsionnye issledovaniya vybrosov gaza na termokarstovykh ozerakh [Degassing of the Earth in the Arctic: remote and field investigations of gas emissions in thermokarst lakes]. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika, 2019, no. 2 (34), pp. 31-47. (in Russian)

11. Devisilov, V.A., Drozdova, T.I., Timofeeva, S.S. Teoriya goreniya i vzryva. Praktikum: uchebnoye posobiye [Theory of combustion and explosion. Workshop: study guide]. Moscow, Forum, 2012, 352 p. (in Russian)

12. Dubrovin, V.A., Kritsuk, L.N., Polyakova, E.I. Temperatura, sostav i vozrast otlozhenii shel’fa Karskogo morya v raione geokriologicheskogo statsionara Marre- Sale [Temperature, composition and age of sediments of the Kara Sea shelf in the area of the Marre-Sale geocryological station]. Kriosfera Zemli, 2015, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 3-16. (in Russian)

13. Istomin, V.A., Chuvilin, E.M., Sergeeva, D.V., Bukhanov, B.A., Stanilovskaya, Yu.V., Badets, K. Vliyaniye komponentnogo sostava i davleniya gaza na l’do- i gidratoobrazovaniye v gazonasyshchennykh porovykh rastvorakh [Influence of the composition and pressure of a gas on ice and hydrate formation in gas-saturated pore solutions]. NefteGazoKhimiya, 2018, no. 2, pp. 33-42. (in Russian)

14. Kizyakov, A.I., Sonyushkin, A.V., Khomutov, A.V., Dvornikov, Yu.A., Leibman, M.A. Otsenka rel’efoobrazuyushchego effekta obrazovaniya Antipayutinskoi voronki gazovogo vybrosa po dannym sputnikovoi stereos’emki [Evaluation of the relief-forming effect of the formation of the Antipayutinskaya gas emission funnel using satellite stereo data]. Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli is kosmosa, 2017, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 67-75 (in Russian)

15. Kriosfera neftegazokondensatnykh mestorozhdenii poluostrova Yamal. T. 2. Kriosfera Bovanenkovskogo neftegazokondensatnogo mestorozhdeniya [Cryosphere of oil and gas condensate fields on the Yamal Peninsula. Vol. 2. Cryosphere of the Bovanenkovo oil and gas condensate field]. Badu, Yu.B., Gafarov, E.E., Podbornyi, E.E., Eds., Moscow, OOO Gazprom Expo, 2013, 424 p. (in Russian)

16. Leibman, M.O., Kizyakov, A.I. Novyi prirodnyi fenomen v zone vechnoi merzloty [A new natural phenomenon in the permafrost zone]. Priroda, 2016, no. 2, pp. 15-24 (in Russian)

17. Leibman, M.O., Dvornikov, Yu.A., Khomutov, A.V. Vodno-khimicheskiye osobennosti vody ozer i voronok gazovogo vybrosa, vlozhennykh v morskiye otlozheniyasevera Zapadnoi Sibiri [Hydrochemical features of lake water and gas funnels in the marine sediments of the north of Western Siberia]. Geologiya morei i okeanov. Mater. XXII Mezhdunar. Nauchnoi konf. (shkoly) po morskoi geologii [Geology of the seas and oceans. Proceedings of the XXII International Scientific Conference (school) on marine geology]. Moscow, 2017, vol. 4, pp. 117-121. (in Russian)

18. Leibman, M.O., Dvornikov, Yu.A., Streletskaya, I.D., Khomutov, A.V., Kizyakov, A.I., Vanshtein, B.G., Semenov, P.B. Svyaz’ formirovaniya voronok gazovogo vybrosa s emissiei metana na severe Zapadnoi Sibiri [Connection of the formation of gas emission funnels with methane emission in the north of Western Siberia]. Degazatsiya Zemli: geologiya i ekologiya [Degassing of the Earth: geology and ecology]. Moscow, GMNG Publ., 2018, pp. 1-3. (in Russian)

19. Mel’nikov, P.I., Melnikov, V.P., Tsarev, V.P., Degtyarev, et al. O generatsii uglevodorodov v tolshchakh mnogoletnemerzlykh porod [On the generation of hydrocarbons in the permafrost strata]. Izvestiya AN SSSR, Ser. Geologicheskaya, 1989, no. 2, pp. 118-128. (in Russian)

20. Mel’nikov V.P., Spesivtsev, V.I., Kulikov, V.N. O struinoi degazatsii uglevodorodov kak istochnike novoobrazovanii l’da na shelfe Pechorskogo morya [On jet degassing of hydrocarbons as a source of ice neoplasms on the shelf of the Pechora Sea]. Itogi fundamental’nykh issledovanii kriosfery Zemli v Arktike i Subarktike [Results of the fundamental studies of the Earth's cryosphere in the Arctic and Subarctic]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1997, pp. 159-269. (in Russian)

21. Olenchenko, V.V., Sinitskii, A.I., Antonov, E.Yu., et al. Rezul’taty geofizicheskikh issledovaniy territorii geologicheskogo novoobrazovaniya “Yamalskii krater” [The results of geophysical studies of the territory of the geological neoplasm "Yamal crater"]. Kriosfera Zemli, 2015, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 94-106 (in Russian)

22. Petrov, V.G. Naledi na Amursko-Yakutskoi magistrali [Icings on the Amur-Yakutia highway]. Leningrad, AN SSSR Publ., 1930, 177 p. (in Russian)

23. Sizov, O.S. Distantsionnyi analiz posledstvii poverkhnostnykh gazoproyavlenii na severe Zapadnoi Sibiri [Remote analysis of the effects of surface gas effects in the north of Western Siberia], Geomatika, no. 1, 2015, pp. 53-68. (in Russian)

24. Streletskaya, I.D., Leibman, M.O., Kizyakov, A.I., Oblogov G.E., et al. Podzemnye l’dy i ikh rol’ v formirovanii voronki gazovogo vybrosa na poluostrove Yamal [Underground ice and its role in the formation of gas explosion funnels in the Yamal Peninsula]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Ser. 5: Geografiya, 2017, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 91-99. (in Russian)

25. Strugov, A.S. Vzryv gidrolakkolita (Chitinskaya oblast) [Hydrolaccolith explosion (Chita region)]. Priroda, 1955, no. 6, p. 117. (in Russian)

26. Trofimov, V.А. Opredeleniye davleniya gaza v ugol’nom plaste [Determination of gas pressure in a coal seam]. Proc. of the Int. Scientific Symposium “Miner's Week 2012”, 2012, vol. 1, pp. 324-345. (in Russian)

27. Khimenkov, A.N., Stanilovskaya, Yu.V., Sergeev, D.O., Vlasov, A.N., et al. Razvitiye vzryvnykh protsessov v kriolitozone v svyazi s formirovaniyem Yamal’skogo kratera [The development of explosive processes in the cryolithozone in connection with the formation of the Yamal crater]. Arktika i Antarktika, 2017, no. 4, pp. 13-37. (in Russian)

28. Khimenkov, A.N., Stanilovskaya, Yu.V. Fenomenologicheskaya model formirovaniya voronok gazovogo vybrosa na primere Yamal’skogo kratera [Phenomenological model of the formation of gas emission craters on the example of the Yamal crater]. Arktika i Antarktika, 2018, no. 3, pp. 1-25. (in Russian)

29. Khomutov, A.V., Kizyakov, A.I., Leibman, M.O., Dvornikov, Yu.A. Voronki gazovogo vybrosa: v protsesse izucheniya uslovii ikh formirovaniya [Gas emission funnels: in the process of studying the conditions of their formation]. Kholod’ok Publ., 2017, no. 15, pp. 5-13. (in Russian)

30. Chaban, P.D. O gazovykh gidratakh v vechnomerzlykh rossypyakh [About gas hydrates in permafrost placers]. Kolyma, 1991, no. 6, pp. 18-19. (in Russian) 31. Epov, M.I., El’tsov, I.N., Olenchenko, V.V., Potapov, V.V., et al. Bermudskii treugol’nik Yamala [The Bermuda Triangle of Yamal]. Nauka is pervykh ruk, 2014, is. 5 (59), pp. 14-23. (in Russian)

32. Yakushev, V.S. Prirodnyi gaz i gazovye gidraty v kriolitozone [Natural gas and gas hydrates in the cryolithozone]. Moscow, VNIIGAZ, 2009, 192 p. (in Russian)

33. Buldovich, S.N., Khilimonyuk, V.Z., Bychkov, A.Y., Ospennikov, E.N., Vorobyev, S.A., Gunar A.Y., Gorshkov, E.I. Cryovolcanism on the Earth: Origin of a spectacular crater in the Yamal peninsula (Russia). Scientific reports, 2018, vol. 8, 6 p.

34. Burges, M., Judge, A.S., Taylor, A., Allen, D.V. Ground temperature studies permafrost growth at a drained lake site, Mackenzie Delta (MD). Proc. of the 4th Canadian Permafrost Conferences, Canada, 1982, p. 3-11.

35. Majorowicz, J., Osadetz, K., Safanda, J. Models of talik, permafrost and gas hydrate histories — Beaufort Mackenzie Basin, Canada. Energies 2015, no. 8, p. 6738-6764.