TYPES AND CURRENT ACTIVITY IN DEVELOPMENT OF HAZARDOUS GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN URALS AND CISURALS   

A. I. Smirnov

Institute of Geology, Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
ul. Karla Marksa, 16/2, Ufa, 450077 Russia
E-mail: smalil@mail.ru

Hazardous geological processes are those that negatively affect or may potentially affect economic facilities, cause emergency situations and circumstances that adversely affect human life. The most widespread and hazardous types of exogenous geological processes in the region are lateral erosion of rivers, karst and landslides. The greatest impact on economic facilities is exerted by river lateral erosion in the form of bank erosion, which is recorded in every seventh settlement of the region. Surface manifestations of the karst process were recorded in 7% of settlements in the region, and landslide displacements - in 0.4%. Hazardous geological processes of exogenous genesis are most widespread in the plains of the Urals. For each of them, an assessment was made of the current activity of their development for the period 2000-2020. For river erosion of rivers, it was determined on the basis of aerial and satellite images at different times and on the basis of monitoring the state of river banks at 29 observation sites with different natural conditions. The rate of coastal erosion in the region as a whole is estimated as weak (with a rate of erosion of up to 0.5 m per year) and average (0.5-1.0 m/year), with the highest activity in the CisUrals and foothills of the Southern Urals. High rates of coastal erosion (1.1-3.0 m/year) were recorded in 2012-2014 and 2017, differing in the series of observations by increased water content. The current activity of karst and landslides was assessed by the frequency of the formation of new large karst sinkholes and significant new landslide displacements (with a front length of more than 50 m and a displacement amplitude of more than 5 m). Average activity of sinkhole formation was 1.7 sinkholes per year in 2000-2020 and was associated with karst in gypsum of the Kungurian stage of the lower section of the Permian system. An increase in the karst sinkhole formation frequencys was established from 0.7 in 2000-2010 up to 2.7 sinkhole per year in 2011-2020. The highest frequency of sinkhole formation was recorded in 2016 in the Cis-Urals on the territory of urban agglomerations, where anthropogenic factors (mainly leaks from water-bearing communications), are added to the natural factors of karst development. The activity of the development of the landslide process in the region as a whole is weak and most often, along with meteorological factors, is due to technogenesis, i.e., artificial cutting of slopes.

Keywords: lateral erosion of rivers, karst, landslide process, development activity, South Urals, Cis-Urals, Republic of Bashkortostan

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