INTERRELATION BETWEEN RIVER AND GROUNDWATER IN THE LOWER REACHES OF THE TOM RIVER (TOMSK OBLAST, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)    

O. N. Vladimirova*, О. G. Savichev**

National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Engineering School for Natural Resources, pr. Lenina 30, Tomsk, 634050 Russia

^*E-mail: onv-2018@yandex.ru 
^**E-mail: OSavichev@mail.ru 

The paper presents the results of studies in assessing the protection of groundwater used for water supply in Tomsk and the Tomsk region, and revealing the relationship between the chemical composition and flow of groundwater and river water.  The underground and river water in the reservoirs of the small tributaries of the Tom River in the area of its lower course, i.e., its right-bank tributaries - Kirghiz (Big Kirghiz), Ushaika, and Basandaika rivers; and left-bank tributaries - Poros, Kislovka, and Lebyazhya rivers were the objects of research. The analysis of the interconnection between the amount and composition of atmospheric, river and ground water is carried out in the catchments of six small tributaries of the river Tom near Tomsk according to the long-term hydrogeological and hydrological observations (that lasted from the 1970s till 2019). With a decrease in the intensity of water exchange, the interaction time in the "water - rock" system increases and, accordingly, the total content of dissolved salts in groundwater increases. For the first time for the section of the lower course of the river Tom it is found out that the interconnection between river water, groundwater and artesian water can be estimated using the variation coefficient Cv (Ym) of monthly values of the runoff layer of small rivers: the higher Cv (Ym) value is, the better deep aquifers are isolated and the higher mineralization of groundwater is. For territories with a significant replenishment of moisture reserves in the warm season (in the right-bank part of the Tom River catchment area), leaching and dissolution of rocks prevail; and for territories with a predominant replenishment of groundwater resources during snowmelt (in the left-bank part of the Tom River basin), the substances coming from outside, including atmospheric precipitation, play a more significant role.

Keywords: water balance, geochemical balance, interrelation between river and groundwater, Altai-Sayan folded area, West Siberian artesian basin, the Tom River tributaries, Tomsk

REFERENCES

1. Balobanenko A.A. Geokhimicheskie osobennosti podzemnykh vod khozyaistvenno-pit'evogo naznacheniya yuga Zapadno-Sibirskogo artezianskogo basseina [Geochemical features of groundwater for household and drinking purposes in the south of the West Siberian artesian basin]. Extended abstract Cand. Sci. (Geol.-Min.) Diss. Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic Univ., 2018, 22 p. (in Russian)
2. Gidrogeologiya SSSR. Т. 16. Zapadno-Sibirskaya ravnina (Tyumenskaya, Omskaya, Novosibirskaya i Tomskaya oblasti). [Hydrogeology of the USSR. Vol. 16. The West Siberian Plain (Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions)]. Nudner, V.A. (ed.), Moscow, Nedra Publ., 1970. 368 p. (in Russian)
3. Gidrogeologiya SSSR. Т. 17. Kemerovskaya oblast i Altayskii krai [Hydrogeology of the USSR. Vol. 17. Kemerovo region and Altai krai]. Moscow, Nedra Publ., 1972, 398 p. (in Russian)
4. Gudymovich, S.S., Rychkova, I.V., Ryabchikova, E.D. Geologicheskoe stroenie okrestnostei g. Tomska (territorii prokhozhdeniya geologicheskoi praktiki. [The geological structure of the Tomsk city surroundings (geological field practice area)]. Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University Publ., 2009, 84 p. (in Russian)
5. Guseva, N.V. Mekhanizmy formirovaniya khimicheskogo sostava prirodnykh vod v razlichnykh landshaftno-klimaticheskikh zonakh gorno-skladchatykh oblastei tsentral'noi Evrazii [The formation mechanisms of natural water chemical composition in various landscapes and climatic zones of orogenic areas in central Eurasia]. Extended abstract Doctoral (Geol.-Min.) Diss. Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University Publ., 2018, 43 p. (in Russian)
6. Grinevskii, S.O. Gidrogeodinamicheskoe modelirovanie vzaimodeistviya podzemnykh i poverkhnostnykh vod [Hydrogeodynamic modeling of the interaction between groundwater and surface water]. Moscow, Infra-M Publ., 2019, 152 p. (in Russian)
7. Domarenko, V.A., Savichev, O.G., Peregudina, E.V., Lepokurova, O.E., Vil'gel'm, E.A. Veshchestvennyi sostav donnykh otlozhenii reki Omutnaya v predelakh Tuganskogo rossypnogo uzla (Tomskaya oblast') [The material composition of bottom sediments of the Omutnaya River within the Tugan placer deposit (Tomsk region)]. Razvedka i okhrana nedr, 2020, no. 4, pp. 48-53. (in Russian)
8. Dutova, E.M., Vologdina, I.V., Pokrovskii, D.S., Zamorovskaya, L.V. Izmenenie gidrogeokhimicheskikh uslovii pri ekspluatatsii akademicheskogo mestorozhdeniya [Change in hydrogeochemical conditions during the operation of an academic field]. Izvestiya Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. 2008, vol. 312, no. 1, pp. 59–63. (in Russian)
9. Dutova, E.M., Nalivaiko, N.G. Osobennosti khimicheskogo i mikrobiologicheskogo sostava podzemnykh vod territorii goroda Tomska [Features of the chemical and microbiological composition of groundwater in the territory of the Tomsk city]. Izvestiya vuzov. Geologiya i razvedka, 2011, no. 5, pp. 56–61. (in Russian)
10. Ermashova, N.A. Prirodnyi gidrogeokhimicheskii fon verkhnei gidrodinamicheskoi zony Srednego Priob'ya kak osnova otsenki eye ekologicheskogo sostoyaniya [Natural hydrogeochemical background of the upper hydrodynamic zone of the Middle Ob region as the basis for assessing its ecological state]. Obskoi vestnik,1999, no. 3–4, pp. 106–112. (in Russian)
11. Kolokolova, O.V. Geokhimiya podzemnykh vod raiona Tomskogo vodozabora. [Groundwater geochemistry of the Tomsk water intake area:] Extended abstract Cand. Sci. (Geol.-Min.) Diss. Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic Univ., 2003, 21 p. (in Russian)
12. Kolubaeva, Yu.V., Shvartsev, S.L., Kopylova, Yu. G. Geokhimiya vod severnoi chasti Kolyvan'-Tomskoi skladchatoi zon [Geochemistry of water in the northern part of the Kolyvan-Tomsk folded zone]. Geologiya i razvedka, 2010, no. 2, pp. 50–58. (in Russian)
13. Krainov, S.R., Ryzhenko, B.N., Shvets, V.M. Geokhimiya podzemnykh vod. Teoreticheskie, prikladnye i ekologicheskie aspekty [Groundwater geochemistry. Theoretical, applied and ecological aspects]. Laverov, N.P., Ed. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2004, 677 p. (in Russian)
14. Lepokurova, O.E., Ivanova, I.S., Shvartsev, S.L., Kolubaeva, Yu.V., Nalivaiko, N.G. Khimicheskii i mikrobiologicheskii sostav podzemnykh vod detsentralizovannogo vodosnabzheniya yuzhnykh i tsentral'nykh raionov Tomskoi oblasti. [The chemical and microbiological composition of groundwater in decentralized water supply in the southern and central regions of the Tomsk region]. Izvestiya Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Inzhiniring georesursov. 2016, vol. 327, no. 5, pp. 29-41. (in Russian)
15. Lisetskii, V.N., Bryukhantsev, V.N., Andreichenko, A.A. Ulavlivanie i utilizatsiya osadkov vodopodgotovki na vodozaborakh g. Tomska [Collection and disposal of water treatment sludge at Tomsk water intakes]. Tomsk, NTL Pub., 2003, 164 p. (in Russian)
16. L'gotin, V.A., Savichev, O.G., Makushin, Yu.V., Kamneva, O.A. Dolgosrochnaya izmenchivost' khimicheskogo sostava podzemnykh vod Tomskoi oblasti [Long-term variability of chemical composition of groundwater in the Tomsk region]. Geografiya i prirodnye resursy, 2012, no. 1, pp. 74–79. (in Russian)
17. L'gotin, V.A., Savichev, O.G., Nigorozhenko, V.Ya. Sostoyanie poverkhnostnykh vodnykh ob'ektov, vodokhozyaistvennykh sistem i sooruzhenii na territorii Tomskoi oblasti v 2000-2005 gg. [The state of surface water bodies, water management systems and structures in the Tomsk region in 2000-2005]. Tomsk, OAO «Tomskgeomonitoring», «AGRAF-PRESS», 2006, no. 88, 112 p. (in Russian)
18. Maloletko, A.M. Evolyutsiya rechnykh sistem Zapadnoi Sibiri v mezozoe i kainozoye [The evolution of river systems in Western Siberia in Mesozoic and Cenozoic]. Tomsk, Tomsk State Univ. Publ., 2008, 288 p. (in Russian)
19. Manankov, A.V., Parnachev, V.P. Geoekologicheskie aspekty sostoyaniya poverkhnostnykh i podzemnykh vod g. Tomska [Geoecological aspects of the state of surface and groundwater in Tomsk]. Obskoi vestnik, 1999, no. 1–2, pp. 105–116. (in Russian)
20. Nauchno-prikladnoi spravochnik po klimatu SSSR. Seriya 3. Mnogoletnie dannye. Chasti 1–6, Vyp. 20. Tomskaya, Novosibirskaya, Kemerovskaya oblasti, Altaiskii krai. [Scientific and applied reference on the |USSR climate. Series 3. Perennial data. Parts 1–6, vol. 20. Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, Altai krai]. St. Petersburg, Gidrometeoizdat, 1993, 718 p. (in Russian)
21. Nedra Rossii [Bowels of  Russia]. Vol. 1. Minerals. Mezhelovskii, N.V., Smyslov, A. A., Eds., St. Petersburg, Moscow, Mining Institute, Mezhregion. Tsentr po geol. kartografii Publ., 2001, 547 p. (in Russian)
22. Pasechnik, E.Yu., Guseva, N.V., Savichev, O.G., L'gotin, V.A., et all. [The microelement composition of groundwater in the upper hydrogeodynamic zone in the Upper Ob basin as a factor in the formation of their ecological and geochemical state]. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo-Resource Engineering. 2020, vol. 331, no. 4, pp. 54–63. doi: 10.18799/24131830/2020/4/2593
23. Pasechnik, E.Yu., Savichev, O.G., Domarenko, V.A., Vladimirova, O.N. Redkozemel'nye elementy v poverkhnostnykh i podzemnykh vodakh verkhnei gidrogeodinamicheskoi zony v basseine Verkhnei i Srednei Obi (Zapadnaya Sibir'). [Rare earth elements in the surface and groundwater of the upper hydrogeodynamic zone in the basin of the Upper and Middle Ob (Western Siberia)]. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Nauki o Zemle. 2020, vol. 32, pp. 113-127. (in Russian)
24. Pasechnik, E.Yu. Ekologo-geokhimicheskoe sostoyanie prirodnykh sred territorii goroda Tomska. [Ecological and geochemical state of natural environment in Tomsk city]. Vestnik Tomsk. gos. un-ta. 2008, vol. 306, pp. 149–154. (in Russian)
25. Pokrovskii, D.S., Kuzevanov, K.I. Gidrogeologicheskie problemy stroitel'nogo osvoeniya territorii Tomska [Hydrogeological problems of the construction development of the Tomsk territory]. Obskoi vestnik, 1999, no. 1–2, pp. 96–104. (in Russian)
26. Posobie po opredeleniyu raschetnykh gidrologicheskikh kharakteristik [A guide to determining the estimated hydrological characteristics]. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1984, 448 p. (in Russian)
27. Ratkovich, D. Ya. Aktual'nye problemy vodoobespecheniya [Actual problems of water supply]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2003, 352 p. (in Russian)
28. Rogov, G.M., Popov, V.K., Osipova, E.Yu. Problemy ispol'zovaniya prirodnykh vod basseina reki Tomi dlya khozyaistvenno-pit'evogo vodosnabzheniya [Problems of using natural water of the Tom River basin for drinking water supply]. Tomsk, Tomsk State Architecture and Construction University Publ., 2003. 218 p. (in Russian)
29. Regional'naya elektronnaya gidrograficheskaya set' dlya arkticheskogo regiona [A regional electronic hydrographic data network for the Arctic region]. Available at: http://www.r-arcticnet.sr.unh.edu/v4.0/index.html
30. Savichev, O.G., Ivanov, A.O. Atmosfernye vypadeniya v basseine Sredney Obi i ikh vliyanie na gidrokhimicheskii stok rek. [Atmospheric precipitation in the Middle Ob River basin and their influence on the hydrochemical flow of rivers]. Izvestiya RAN. Seriya geograficheskaya. 2010, no. 1, pp. 63-70. (in Russian)
31. Savichev, O.G. Vodnye resursy Tomskoi oblasti. [Water resources in the Tomsk region]. Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University Publ., 2010, 248 p. (in Russian)
32. Savichev, O.G., Domarenko, V.A., Peregudina,E.V., Lepokurova, O.E. Transformatsiya mineral'nogo sostava donnykh otlozhenii ot istokov k ust'yam rek [Transformation of the mineral composition of bottom sediments from sources to river mouths]. Izvestiya Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Inzhiniring georesursov. 2018, vol. 329, no. 7, pp. 43–56. (in Russian)
33. Sostoyanie geologicheskoi sredy (nedr) na territorii Sibirskogo federal'nogo okruga v 2017 g. Informatsionnyi byulleten' [Condition of geological environment (bowels) in the Siberian Federal okrug in 2017. News bulletin]. Tomsk, Filial «Sibirskii regional'nyi tsentr GMSN», FGBU «Gidrospetsgeologiya», 2018, vol. 14, 178 p. (in Russian)
34. SP 33-1010-2003. Opredelenie osnovnykh raschetnykh gidrologicheskikh kharakteristik. [Code of Rules 33-1010-2003. Determination of the main calculated hydrological characteristics]. Moscow, Gosstroy of Russia Publ., 2004. 72 p. URL: http://sniprf.ru/sp33-101-2003.(in Russian)
35. SP 131.13330.2018. Stroitel'naya klimatologiya. [Building climatology]. Moscow, Standartinform, 2019, 153 p. URL: http://base.garant.ru/72239302. (in Russian)
36. Tsirkon-il'menitovye rossypnye mestorozhdeniya kak potentsialnyi istochnik razvitiya Zapadno-Sibirskogo regiona [Zircon-ilmenite placer deposits as potential development source of the West Siberian region]. Tribunskii, E.N., Parovinchak, M.S., Eds., Kemerovo, OOO «Sars» Publ., 2001, 214 p. (in Russian)
37. Cherepanskii, M. M. Regional'nye gidrogeologicheskie prognozy vliyaniya otbora podzemnykh vod na rechnoi stok [Regional hydrogeological forecasts of the effect of groundwater withdrawal on river flow]. Extended abstract Doctoral (Geol.-Min.) Diss. Moscow, NIA-Priroda, 2007, 49 p. (in Russian)
38. Yankovich, E.P., Kopylova, Yu.G., Guseva, N.V. Rasprostranennost' geokhimicheskikh tipov podzemnykh vod Ob'-Tomskogo mezhdurech'ya [The prevalence of geochemical types of groundwater in the Ob-Tomsk interfluve]. Politematicheskii setevoi elektronnyi zhurnal Kubanskogo agrarnogo universiteta. 2015, no. 107 (03). URL: http://ej.kubargo.ru/2015/03/pdf/96.pdf.  (in Russian)
39. Shvartsev, S.L. Geochemistry of fresh groundwater in the main landscape zones of the Earth. Geochemistry International, 2008, vol. 46, is. 13, p. 1285–1398.
40. Shvartsev, S.L., Serebrennikova, O.V., Zdvizhkov, M.A., Savichev, O.G., Naimushina O.S. Geochemistry of wetland waters from the lower Tom basin, Southern Tomsk oblast. Geochemistry International, 2012, vol. 50, is. 4, pp. 367–380. DOI: 10.1134/S0016702912040076.